EEOICPA Statistics for Claimants Living in Ohio
DOL Part B and Part E Statistics
NIOSH Dose Reconstruction Statistics
Ohio EEOICPA Facilities
Facility descriptions credit: DOE
Photo Credit: David Mark on Pixabay
The Ajax-Magnethermic Corp. was involved in induction heat treatment of various forms of uranium for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) and also for General Electric (Hanford). The company fabricated an induction heating unit for NLO in 1961.
From 1952 to 1957,
Alba Craft provided a variety of machine shop
services on natural uranium metal for National
Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). Early work at
Alba Craft included general and developmental
machining of threaded reactor fuel slugs for use
at the Savannah River Site. Subsequent
production-scale operations consisted of hollow
drilling and turning of slugs for the Savannah
River and Hanford plutonium-production reactors.
Remediation activities under the Formerly
Utilized Site Remediation Action Program
(FUSRAP) occurred in 1994-1995 under the Bechtel
National Inc.(BNI) umbrella site remediation
contract. Remediation was certified complete in
1997.
During the period of residual
contamination, as designated by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and
as noted in the dates above, employees of
subsequent owners and operators of this facility
are also covered under the Energy Employees
Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act.
From February to
September 1956, Associate Aircraft Tool and
Manufacturing Company machined hollow uranium
slugs for the Hanford and Savannah River
plutonium-production reactors under a
subcontract from National Lead Company of Ohio
(Fernald). Associate Aircraft machined
approximately 96,000 slugs during the
eight-month contract period.
Cleanup
activities were performed in 1994-1995 by Thermo
Nutech under the Bechtel National Inc. umbrella
site remediation contract as part of the
Formerly Utilized Site Remediation Action
Program (FUSRAP).
During the period of
residual contamination, as designated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health and as noted in the dates above,
employees of subsequent owners and operators of
this facility are also covered under the Energy
Employees Occupational Illness Compensation
Program Act.
Between June 1943
and July 1944, DuPont and the University of
Chicago subcontracted the Baker Brothers company
to machine roll metal rods into uranium slugs
that were used for fuel in the world's first
production reactors located in Oak Ridge, TN and
Hanford, WA.
Environmental cleanup under the
Formerly Utilized Site Remediation Action
Program was conducted in 1995. This work was
performed under the Bechtel National Inc.
umbrella contract for DOE site environmental
remediation. This site's remedial action was
certified complete in 2001.
During the period
of residual contamination, as designated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health and as noted in the dates above,
employees of subsequent owners and operators of
this facility are also covered under the Energy
Employees Occupational Illness Compensation
Program Act.
During the early
stages of nuclear weapons production, uranium
reactor fuel was produced by a variety of
metallurgical techniques including extrusion,
casting, and machining.
In February 1943,
DuPont, acting as an agent of the Manhattan
Engineer District, contracted B&T Metals to
extrude rods from uranium metal billets for the
Hanford reactor in Washington State. B&T Metals
extruded an estimated 50 tons of uranium between
March 1943 and August 1943.
Environmental
cleanup under the Formerly Utilized Site
Remediation Program (FUSRAP) was conducted in
1996. This work was performed by employees of
SunPro as subcontractors to Bechtel National
Inc., the company that held the umbrella
contract for DOE site environmental remediation.
This site's remedial action was certified
complete in 2001.
During the period of
residual contamination, as designated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health and as noted in the dates above,
employees of subsequent owners and operators of
this facility are also covered under the Energy
Employees Occupational Illness Compensation
Program Act.
From 1943 to 1986,
Battelle Memorial Institute performed atomic
energy research and development as well as
beryllium work for the Department of Energy and
its predecessor agencies. The Battelle
Laboratories have two separate locations in
Columbus - King Avenue and West Jefferson.
Battelle's research supported the government's
fuel and target fabrication program, including
fabrication of uranium and fuel elements,
reactor development, submarine propulsion, fuel
reprocessing, and the safe use of reactor
vessels and piping.
The following activities
were performed at the King Avenue location:
processing and machining enriched, natural, and
depleted uranium and thorium; fabricating fuel
elements; analyzing radiochemicals; and studying
power metallurgy. Beryllium work was conducted
from 1943 until at least 1961.
From 1943 to 1986,
Battelle Memorial Institute performed atomic
energy research and development for the
Department of Energy and its predecessor
agencies. The Battelle Laboratories have two
separate locations in Columbus - King Avenue and
West Jefferson. Battelle participated in
research on fabrication of uranium and fuel
elements, reactor development, submarine
propulsion, fuel reprocessing, and the safe use
of reactor vessels and piping.
At the West
Jefferson location, Battelle operated a large
hot cell facility and a research reactor.
Reactor operations began in October 1956, and
ended in December 1974. The reactor was defueled
and partially dismantled in 1975 and Battelle's
license was changed to possession-only status.
During the period of residual contamination, as
designated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health and as noted in
the dates above, employees of subsequent owners
and operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
From 1942 through
1945, National Lead operated a magnesium
processing facility on the Luckey site for the
U.S. government. In 1949, the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) built a beryllium production
facility at the site. The government built the
plant to replace the production that was lost
when the Brush Beryllium Lorain plant was
destroyed by fire. The Brush Beryllium Company
(now Brush Wellman) under contract to the AEC,
produced beryllium pebbles at this site until
1958. Records indicate that the facility
produced between 40,000 and 144,000 pounds of
beryllium. In 1959, the AEC contracted with
Brush to close down the facility. The site was
sold to the Vulcan Materials Company in 1961.
In 1951, AEC sent approximately 1,000 tons of
radioactively contaminated scrap metal to the
Luckey site. This material was to be used by the
Diamond Magnesium Company to resume magnesium
processing at the idle facility. Former Brush
Wellman employees report that the magnesium
facility never resumed operations; however, some
records indicate that the facility operated in
the 1950s under contract by the General Services
Administration (GSA). The radioactively
contaminated scrap metal remained stored at the
site.
Due to Brush Wellman’s status as a
statutory beryllium vendor, all employees of
Brush Wellman in the U. S., regardless of
location, are covered for the entire period for
which Brush Wellman and its predecessors
supplied beryllium to the U. S. Department of
Energy or its predecessor agencies. That period
is defined as August 18, 1943 and continuing.
Additionally, on March 8, 2011 the corporate
name of Brush Wellman, Inc. changed to Materion
Brush, Inc.
The Brush Cleveland
facility conducted research on a process for
producing uranium metal (1942-1943) through
magnesium reduction of molten green salt
(uranium tetrafluoride). The facility later
conducted research and development with uranium
(1949-1953) and extruded thorium billets into
slugs which were placed in Hanford production
reactors (1952-1953).
The Brush Cleveland
facility also produced beryllium metal and
beryllium oxide for the MED (1943-1946) and
later for the AEC (1947-1965?).
During the
period of residual contamination, as designated
by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health and as noted in the dates
above, employees of subsequent owners and
operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
Due to Brush
Wellman’s status as a statutory beryllium
vendor, all employees of Brush Wellman in the U.
S., regardless of location, are covered for the
entire period for which Brush Wellman and its
predecessors supplied beryllium to the U. S.
Department of Energy or its predecessor
agencies. That period is defined as August 13,
1943 and continuing.
Additionally, on March
8, 2011 the corporate name of Brush Wellman,
Inc. changed to Materion Brush, Inc.
Brush Beryllium
plant in Elmore, OH, was built in 1953. It began
producing beryllium for the AEC in 1957 after
operations at the Brush Luckey, OH, facility
ended. (Prior to 1957 it produced beryllium for
the commercial market only.) The plant supplied
beryllium to the Y-12 plant in 1990 and Brush
purchase orders show that shipments from its
Elmore location continued to Los Alamos and
Sandia through April 2001.
Due to Brush
Wellman’s status as a statutory beryllium
vendor, all employees of Brush Wellman in the U.
S., regardless of location, are covered for the
entire period for which Brush Wellman and its
predecessors supplied beryllium to the U. S.
Department of Energy or its predecessor
agencies. That period is defined as August 13,
1943 and continuing.
Additionally, on March
8, 2011 the corporate name of Brush Wellman,
Inc. changed to Materion Brush, Inc.
The Lorain plant
produced beryllium metal and beryllium oxide for
the MED and the AEC. The plant was destroyed by
fire in 1948.
Due to Brush Wellman’s status
as a statutory beryllium vendor, all employees
of Brush Wellman in the U. S., regardless of
location, are covered for the entire period for
which Brush Wellman and its predecessors
supplied beryllium to the U. S. Department of
Energy or its predecessor agencies. That period
is defined as August 13, 1943 and continuing.
Additionally, on March 8, 2011 the corporate
name of Brush Wellman, Inc. changed to Materion
Brush, Inc.
The Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. built electro-chemical machining units. In September 1963, the company tested the feasibility of electro-chemical machining of uranium. Eight normal uranium solid cylinders 1 inch in diameter and 1 inch long (approximately 14 pounds) were used in the test.
Clifton had at least six large contracts with the AEC to supply beryllium products. By 1949, at least 8 beryllium-related deaths had occurred at Clifton.
The Copperweld Steel Company of Warren, Ohio, straightened and outgassed a large number of uranium rods for the Hanford and Oak Ridge reactors between May and August of 1943.
In 1943, the
Manhattan Engineer District (MED) began the
Dayton Project to investigate the chemistry and
metallurgy of polonium. Because Monsanto
Chemical Company was already working with
polonium, it was chosen as contractor for the
project.
In 1943, the MED-contracted work was
performed at Monsanto’s Nicholas Road location
(Unit I). As the project expanded, it moved into
an old building belonging to the Dayton school
district at 1601 West First Street, and by
October 1944 all operations had been transferred
to this location from Unit I. This site became
known as Unit III. In early 1944 it became
apparent that the space at Unit III was also
inadequate, so the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
used a judicial proceeding to obtain ownership
of a building known as the former Runnymeade
Playhouse in Oakwood and turned it over to
Monsanto for its use on the Dayton Project.
Monsanto operated a laboratory at this second
location and referred to it as Unit IV. Floors
4, 5 and 6 of the Warehouse at 601 East Third
Street, Dayton, Ohio, were also utilized as part
of project. When project needs again increased
beyond the combined capacity of Units III and
IV, preparations were made to move the entire
operation to the present-day Mound facility in
Miamisburg, Ohio. Processing began at Mound in
February 1949. By the end of 1950, after either
decontamination or demolition, the AEC released
its ownership interest in the properties back to
the original owners.
Throughout the time
period for this facility from 1943 through 1950,
the potential for beryllium exposure existed at
this site.
Diamond Magnesium is
no longer an EEOICPA covered site.
The
Painesville Site was formerly a magnesium
production facility, owned by the Diamond
Magnesium Company. In 1951, 1952 and 1953,
Diamond Magnesium received approximately 1650
tons of radioactively contaminated scrap steel
from the Lake Ontario Ordnance Works, to be used
to control chlorine emissions during the
magnesium production process.
Although this
site was designated as part of the Formerly
Utilized Site Remediation Action Program
(FUSRAP) in 1992, no work under this program
occurred prior to its transfer to the Army Corp.
During the period of residual contamination, as
designated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health and as noted in
the dates above, employees of subsequent owners
and operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
In the early
1940s, the Defense Plant Corporation constructed
a magnesium production facility on the
Painesville site, which was owned by the Diamond
Magnesium Company. The AEC provided the site
with 800 tons of radioactively-contaminated
scrap steel which was used to control chlorine
emissions during the magnesium production.
Storage of this scrap metal
radioactively-contaminated soil was at the
Painesville site.
The Painesville Site is
located in Painesville, Ohio, approximately 22
miles northeast of Cleveland. Painesville had an
operational magnesium production facility on the
grounds, operated by the Diamond Magnesium
Company in the 1940s. In the 1950s the Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC), a predecessor agency to
the US Department of Energy, shipped
radioactively contaminated scrap steel to the
Painesville site for use in their magnesium
production processes. Residual radiation from
the scraps contaminated the soil at the site
with uranium, radium and thorium.
The Grasselli Laboratory participated in the development the slug canning and coating processes for the Hanford site.
Records indicate
that in December 1952, uranium contaminated
nickel scrap metals were sent to Duriron, which
were used to produce stainless-steel piping for
production equipment vital to Fernald atomic
weapons production.
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The Feed Materials
Production Center (FMPC) at the Fernald site was
established by AEC in 1951 to convert depleted
uranium, natural uranium, and low-enriched
uranium compounds into uranium metal and to
fabricate uranium metal into feed stock for fuel
and target elements for reactors that produced
weapons-grade plutonium and tritium. The Fernald
Plant, operated by National Lead of Ohio (NLO),
along with the Weldon Spring Plant in Missouri,
were feed materials plants built by the AEC in
the 1950s to supply fuel to the increasing
number of nuclear reactors located at Hanford
and Savannah River. Production operations at the
Fernald site continued until July 10, 1989, when
they were suspended by the Department of Energy
(DOE). DOE formally shut down the facility on
June 19, 1991. During its production mission,
the Fernald site produced over 225 million
kilograms (500 million pounds) of high-purity
uranium products to support United States
defense initiatives.
Throughout the course of
its operations, the potential for beryllium
exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium
use, residual contamination, and decontamination
activities.
The Evendale Plant's major mission is to build aircraft engines. The AEC used this facility to work with a variety of radioactive materials, including uranium and thorium. This facility was also involved in the refining or fabrication of beryllium or beryllium oxide.
The Gruen Watch Co. conducted cold shaving and stamping and hot stamping washer tests for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) in May and June 1956. The tests involved shaving and stamping uranium washers on a 60-ton mechanical press and stamping washers from strips of uranium heated in a salt bath. Only small quantities of radioactive materials were handled.
Harshaw Chemical of
Cleveland, Ohio refined black oxide and sodium
diuranate to orange oxide and then to brown
oxide for the Manhattan Project during World War
II. The final result was a "green salt", which
the Manhattan Project used to produce uranium
hexafluoride for enrichment into weapons grade
fuel for nuclear weapons at the gaseous
diffusion plants. Harshaw also produced uranium
hexafluoride during the war and this production
activity was expanded in 1947. Harshaw
production was reduced in 1951 and by May of
1953 the green salt plant was dismantled and the
hexafluoride plant was placed on standby. The
contract for removal of AEC equipment continued
until September 30, 1955. This designation is
limited to the Harshaw facility located at 1000
Harvard Avenue, Cleveland and generally referred
to as the Harvard-Denison plant.
During the
period of residual contamination, as designated
by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health and as noted in the dates
above, employees of subsequent owners and
operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
Harshaw Chemical
Company was acquired by Kewaunee Oil Company in
1964. Kewaunee Oil was then acquired by the Gulf
Oil Company in 1976. Kaiser Chemical Company
acquired Harshaw interests in 1982.
Intermittently from
the 1943 to 1951, the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe
Company machined natural uranium metal slugs
from rolled stock under subcontract to DuPont
and the University of Chicago.
During the
period of residual contamination, as designated
by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health and as noted in the dates
above, employees of subsequent owners and
operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
Starting in 1952,
Horizons, Inc. was under contract with the AEC
for the production of granular thorium metal and
conducted some thorium research work for
Savannah River. Earlier work performed by
Horizons, Inc. for the AEC did not involve
radioactive substances.
During the period of
residual contamination, as designated by the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health and as noted in the dates above,
employees of subsequent owners and operators of
this facility are also covered under the Energy
Employees Occupational Illness Compensation
Program Act.
The AEC funded a Kettering Laboratory researcher's investigation of the biological effects of beryllium and its compounds. Kettering was also working on analytical methodology for beryllium for the AEC.
The site machined
various forms of uranium metal under subcontract
to the National Lead Company (Fernald). The work
was performed at two locations: Reading Road
(from December 1954 through November 1955) and
West 7th Street (from December 1955 through
December 1957). Total production machining was
approximately two or three hundred billets.
During the period of residual contamination, as
designated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health and as noted in
the dates above, employees of subsequent owners
and operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
Between May and
August of 1944, McKinney Tool & Manufacturing of
Cleveland, Ohio, turned and ground unbonded
slugs to provide fuel for the first nuclear
reactors, including the three Chicago piles; the
Oak Ridge X-10 reactor; and the Hanford B, D,
and F production reactors and 305 test pile.
During the period of residual contamination, as
designated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health and as noted in
the dates above, employees of subsequent owners
and operators of this facility are also covered
under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness
Compensation Program Act.
In 1954, Mitchell Steel Company may have participated in the machining of a sample lot of four hollow extrusion uranium billets from ingots for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). It is unclear whether Mitchell conducted the test or performed any addition work for NLO or the AEC.
In 1943, the
Manhattan Engineer District began the Dayton
Project to investigate the chemistry and
metallurgy of polonium. From 1943 to 1948, this
work was performed at several locations
throughout Dayton, Ohio, all of which were too
small to perform the mission. The Mound Plant
was constructed in 1947 in Miamisburg, Ohio, to
replace these earlier work locations. This plant
was first occupied in May 1948 and became
operational in February 1949.
The
facilities' first mission was to manufacture
polonium-beryllium initiators for atomic
weapons. As part of this process, the site
extracted polonium-210 from irradiated bismuth
slugs and machined beryllium parts. Mound
stopped producing initiators after the Pinellas
Plant in Florida began producing
accelerator-type neutron generators in 1957. In
1954, Mound began developing and producing
weapons components containing tritium, and in
1969, the plant began recovering and purifying
tritium from dismantled nuclear weapons. During
the 1950s and 1960s the Mound Plant also
developed and produced a variety of nonnuclear
weapons components including detonators, cable
assemblies, firing sets, ferroelectric
transducers, and explosive timers. In 1995,
Mound discontinued weapons components
production.
The non-weapons work performed at
the Mound Plant included the development and
manufacture of radioisotope thermal generators;
radioactive waste decontamination research;
investigation of the properties of uranium,
protactinium-231, and plutonium-239; and the
separation of stable isotopes and noble gases.
Throughout the course of its operations, the
potential for beryllium exposure existed at this
site, due to beryllium use, residual
contamination, and decontamination activities.
The
non-weapons work performed at the Mound Plant
included the development and manufacture of
radioisotope thermal generators; radioactive
waste decontamination research; investigation of
the properties of uranium, protactinium-231, and
plutonium-239; and the separation of stable
isotopes and noble gases.
Throughout the
course of its operations, the potential for
beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to
beryllium use, residual contamination, and
decontamination activities.
From 1963 to 1966,
the Piqua Nuclear Power Facility was operated as
a demonstration project by the City of Piqua.
The facility contained a 45.5-megawatt (thermal)
organically cooled and moderated reactor. In
1966, the AEC discontinued facility operations
and terminated its contract with the city. The
AEC dismantled and decommissioned the reactor
between 1967 and 1969. The reactor fuel coolant
and most of the radioactive materials were
removed from the site.
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The U.S. began
construction of Portsmouth in 1952 in order to
expand the nation's gaseous diffusion program.
The gaseous diffusion plants already operating
in Oak Ridge, TN and Paducah, KY were not able
to fulfill the nation's need for highly enriched
and low-enriched uranium. Portsmouth was used
for isotope separation. Beginning in 1954,
Portsmouth produced highly enriched uranium to
support nuclear weapons production and, later,
for use by submarine, research, and test
reactors. The high-enrichment portion of the
diffusion cascade was shut down in 1991.
On
July 1, 1993, the United States Enrichment
Corporation (USEC)*, a government-owned
corporation formed under the Energy Policy Act
of 1992, assumed control of the plant's
production activities. USEC, which was fully
privatized in 1998, continued to produce
enriched uranium for commercial use at this
location until May 11, 2001 when production
ceased. During the period of USEC production,
the DOE maintained responsibility for addressing
the environmental legacy left by historic plant
operations.
Subsequent to USEC ceasing
production, the DOE contracted with USEC to
maintain the plant in cold standby until the
decision was made to return the plant entirely
back under DOE control, which was completed by
September 2011. The PORTS Decontamination and
Decommissioning project began under contract
with Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC in March 2011.
Throughout the course of its operations, the
potential for beryllium exposure existed at this
site.
The Ashtabula
site(formerly known as Reactive Metals, Inc.)
opened in 1962 and ended production in 1988.
During this time, the site received uranium for
processing under contract to the U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor Agencies.
Processing involved the extrusion and/or forging
of depleted, normal and slightly enriched
uranium metal, as well as experimental
quantities of thorium metal, into driver and
target elements for the Hanford and Savannah
River weapons program reactors.
By April of
1993, DOE and RMI had formed a partnership to
remediate the site and the Agency contracted
with RMI Environmental Services (RMIES), a
division of the RMI Titanium Company, to perform
and manage the cleanup project. RMIES has since
changed its name to EARTHLINE Technologies. All
D&D work was completed in November 2006.
RMI
of Ashtabula, Ohio, was the corporate successor
of the Bridgeport Brass Company of Adrian,
Michigan, which performed similar extrusion work
from 1954 to 1961.
In addition to its work
for DOE and its predecessor Agencies, Ashtabula
performed work for the Department of Defense and
a number of commercial entities under a Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) license.
National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) contracted with Leblond Machine for the purchase of a rapid boring machine. In 1961, acceptances tests, using 17 tons of natural uranium, were conducted at Leblond Machine.
In 1952, National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) used Tech-Art to grind inserts as part of a study of Firth Sterling HF carbide profile inserts in conjunction with the machining development program. Additional documentation shows that Tech-Art possessed a subcontract with NLO for "[m]achine shop operations on Government owned materials at prescribed hourly rates of pay."
Tocco had a contract
with National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) to develop
induction heating coil equipment for heating
uranium fuel cores. Tocco performed operational
tests of these units at its Ohio facility, which
took place during 1967-1968. The company
received 2000 pounds of natural uranium machined
fuel cores and 5600 pounds of depleted uranium
machined fuel cores from NLO for testing.
At the request of National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald), Vulcan Tool Company conducted experiments involving the cutting of normal uranium slugs and tubes on a Brehm cutter in October 1959.